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It is incredibly rewarding for me to lead efforts to help reestablish safety, stability, security, and prosperity for many children, women, and men around the world through the U.S. Conventional Weapons Destruction Program. We are living in challenging and uncertain times as our adversaries and strategic competitors seek to upend global order and the values that the American people stand for. Despite the global conflicts and challenges we continue to face, the United States, through our conventional weapons destruction program, remains committed to supporting communities striving to recover from conflict to achieve security and prosperity.

In this year’s edition of To Walk the Earth in Safety, we highlight the many ways that U.S. conventional weapons destruction assistance promotes post-conflict recovery. For example, our humanitarian demining funding enhances food security by helping to revitalize agricultural fields in countries like Sri Lanka and Vietnam. This funding is especially critical in Sri Lanka where more than 6 million people—nearly 30 percent of the population—are currently food-insecure. In Vietnam, our commitment to promoting agricultural security is a key component to successful post-conflict recovery, even decades after war ended.

In Ukraine, Russia’s unlawful war and full-scale invasion has littered massive swaths of the country with landmines, unexploded ordnance, and improvised explosive devices. These explosive hazards exacerbate food insecurity by blocking access to farmland and impede restoration of damaged agricultural storage and processing facilities. Clearing landmines from Ukraine’s agricultural land is directly linked to global food security and is a prerequisite for Ukraine’s recovery. The United States has invested over $182 million since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine to help the Government of Ukraine address this urgent humanitarian challenge. Our programs in Ukraine and around the world safely remove landmines and explosive remnants of war, helping displaced persons and refugees return home safely and facilitating economic security and prosperity.

Additionally, we have also seen how clearance of landmines and explosive remnants of war help revitalize historical and cultural areas, enabling families to return to post-conflict communities. For example, in Mosul, Iraq, the historic Old City was riddled with notoriously deadly improvised explosive devices from ISIS militants. With the help of U.S. conventional weapons destruction funding and other international donor assistance, critical parts of the Old City have been cleared, allowing internally displaced persons to return to their homes, and helping to promote stability and security for war-torn communities.

As a former teacher, I am particularly proud of our efforts to fund risk education to prevent and safeguard children from accidents as well as our funding for vocational training for mine survivors. For example, in Laos, we have funded explosive ordnance risk education via social media, radio, and print, and as part of secondary school curriculums. Additionally, in Zimbabwe, our funding has helped distribute risk education materials to schools in rural communities, simultaneously encouraging safe behavior around explosive hazards and improving literacy for more than 7,000 children. These programs not only save lives but improve education and livelihoods in post-conflict communities.

Beyond threats posed by landmines and unexploded ordnance, communities often face dangers from poorly secured government stockpiles of small arms, light weapons, and ammunition. Through our conventional weapons destruction assistance, we help destroy obsolete weapons stockpiles and safeguard weapons to prevent them from being acquired by criminal organizations, terrorists, and violent extremist groups. By limiting bad actors’ means to create further chaos and instability, we help save lives and provide safety and security to civilians.

Another critical element of U.S. conventional weapons destruction assistance involves supporting the responsible management of advanced conventional weapons, including man-portable air defense systems (MANPADS) and anti-tank guided missiles. While these have legitimate military uses, when in the hands of violent non-state actors, they pose a risk to human safety, economic stability, and global security, especially in post-conflict recovery environments. In coordination with allies and international organizations, our assistance helps partner countries safely secure, manage, and destroy obsolete weapons and train their staff on how to recognize and interdict these weapons and their components.

Despite the global conflicts and challenges we continue to face, the U.S. Conventional Weapons Destruction Program continues to be a beacon of hope for many communities striving to recover from conflict. Our assistance detailed in this year’s To Walk the Earth in Safety report serves as a clear, tangible, and unmistakable symbol of the United States’ commitment to build a more safe, secure, and prosperous world and illustrates our steadfast effort to enable all people to walk the earth in safety.

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Some foreign governments’ stockpiles of aging, excess, poorly secured, and improperly maintained small arms, light weapons, and ammunition threaten peace and prosperity globally, and can even impact the United States’ own national security. When obtained by criminals and terrorists, all of these munitions, including advanced types such as man-portable air defense systems (MANPADS), fuel violence and instability. In the wrong hands, MANPADS even menace global aviation. Stockpiles of decrepit ammunition may explode suddenly, devastating nearby communities, crippling infrastructure, and polluting water and farmland. Landmines and unexploded ammunition kill and maim people decades after conflicts end. Since the 1990s, the United States has recognized and confronted all of these deadly legacies regardless of which country or non-state actors have generated these “hidden killers.” The U.S. goals are clear: protect innocent people, and help them regain safe access to their homes, fields, medical care, schools, business enterprises, and essential infrastructure such as water treatment plants. U.S. leadership in conventional weapons destruction supports peacebuilding, food security, and even climate resilience, creating stronger partners to help promote U.S. foreign policy objectives throughout the world.

THE U.S. GOVERNMENT’S COLLABORATIVE APPROACH: LEVERAGING AMERICAN TAX DOLLARS

The United States is the world’s top supporter of conventional weapons destruction, providing more than $5.09 billion in assistance to over 125 countries and areas since 1993. The Department of State, Department of Defense, and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) work with foreign governments, private companies, international organizations, and nongovernmental organizations to reduce excess small arms and light weapons, and ammunition stockpiles (including MANPADS), implement physical security and stockpile management, and conduct humanitarian mine action.

In fiscal year 2023, the Department of State invested more than $348 million* in conventional weapons destruction, and continued to lead the U.S. Interagency MANPADS Task Force, which coordinates MANPADS counter-diversion efforts by the Departments of State, Defense, Homeland Security, and other stakeholders. Through these coordinated efforts, the U.S. government helps partner nations eliminate excess MANPADS and better secure the systems they keep. In addition, the Department of Defense Humanitarian Demining Training Center trains deminers, ammunition handlers, and stockpile managers from partner countries. Additionally, the Department of Defense Humanitarian Demining Research and Development Program improves conventional weapons destruction technologies, increasing the efficiency and safety of humanitarian demining worldwide. USAID’s Leahy War Victims Fund assists survivors of encounters with landmines and explosive remnants of war.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE SUPPORT FOR CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS DESTRUCTION

The Department of State has managed more than 76 percent (more than $3.86 billion) of the United States’ contribution to conventional weapons destruction since 1993, with three objectives:

• Enhance U.S. and international security by destroying and safeguarding small arms and light weapons, including MANPADS, at risk of proliferation to criminals, terrorists, and other violent non-state actors.
• Improve stability and prosperity by clearing landmines and explosive remnants of war and returning land to productive use.
• Build trust and deepen relationships with key partners to speed achievement of broader U.S. foreign policy objectives.

Robust project performance standards, rigorous monitoring and evaluation, and a comprehensive planning process guide the Department of State’s Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement’s decisions and hold its implementing partners accountable for delivering results to the American people.

The measurable, tangible results that flow from the U.S. government’s commitment to conventional weapons destruction reinforce U.S. foreign policies, and these programs help protect the lives and livelihoods of civilians worldwide so they may safely remain and thrive in their own countries.

*Initial planned allocations

Countries with U.S. funded conventional weapons destruction activity in FY 2023:

• Afghanistan
• Angola
• Armenia
• Azerbaijan
• Cabo Verde
• Caribbean Region
• Benin
• Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Burkina Faso
• Burma
• Cambodia
• Chad
• Colombia
• Congo, DR
• Côte d'Ivoire
• Croatia
• Cyprus
• Ecuador
• Estonia
• Fiji
• Georgia
• Iraq
• Kazakhstan
• Kenya
• Kyrgyz Republic
• Laos
• Lebanon
• Libya
• Malawi
• Marshall Islands
• Mauritania
• Moldova
• Morocco
• Nepal
• Niger
• Pakistan
• Palau
• Papua New Guinea
• Peru
• Senegal
• Serbia
• Sierra Leone
• Slovakia
• Solomon Islands
• Somalia
• Sudan
• South Sudan
• Solomon Islands
• Sri Lanka
• Tanzania
• Tajikistan
• Thailand
• Timor-Leste
• Togo
• Uganda
• Ukraine
• Vietnam
• West Bank area
• Yemen
• Zimbabwe

Countries that received U.S. support in the past:

• Argentina
• Bahrain
• Belize
• Bolivia
• Bulgaria
• Central African Republic
• Chile
• Congo, Republic of
• Czechia
• Dominican Republic
• Egypt
• Equitorial Guinea
• Eritrea
• Ethiopia
• The Gambia
• Guinea
• Haiti
• Hungary
• India
• Jamaica
• Kiribati
• Lesotho
• Liberia
• Lithuania
• Mali
• Mexico
• Micronesia
• Nigeria
• Oman
• Paraguay
• Philippines
• Romania
• Sao Tome and Principe
• Slovakia
• Slovenia
• Surname
• Syria
• Tuvalu
• Uruguay
• Uzbekistan

Countries that are mine-impact free and received U.S. conventional weapons destruction support in FY 2023:

• Albania
• El Salvador
• Guatemala
• Guinea-Bissau
• Honduras
• Jordan
• Kosovo
• Montenegro
• North Macedonia
• Rwanda

Countries that are mine-impact free and received U.S. conventional weapons destruction support in the past:

• Burundi
• Costa Rica
• Djibouti
• Eswatini
• Mozambique
• Namibia
• Nicaragua
• Tunisia

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The International Mine Action Standards (IMAS) is the framework that provides clear guidance and a standardized approach for conducting mine action activities to maximize safety, efficiency, and quality management. The IMAS framework was launched by the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) in 2001, after a multi-year process that built on initial standards proposed by the humanitarian demining community in 1996.

The IMAS is not a legal instrument; it is a set of technical guidelines intended to inform and shape the development of an individual country’s national mine action standards and operating procedures. Nonetheless, it is widely accepted and used by nongovernmental organizations, governments, and donor countries. The Department of State’s Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement requires that all the work its implementing partners undertaken with U.S. funds meet the IMAS. The framework also clarifies the practical implementation of certain provisions of key disarmament conventions such as the Anti-personnel Mine Ban Convention and Convention on Cluster Munitions for States Parties.

UNMAS is responsible for the development and maintenance of the IMAS. Administration is provided by the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, which maintains the IMAS website, and organizes both the IMAS Steering Group and the IMAS Review Board. The Steering Group is made up of UN-based entities, the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, donor country representatives, and national mine action authority representatives to provide executive guidance and oversight of the Review Board. The Review Board is chaired by UNMAS and includes approximately 30 mine action organizations, including nongovernmental organizations, national mine action authorities, donor countries, and subject-matter experts. The Review Board meets on a regular basis to assess and revise current standards and consider new standards to ensure that the IMAS address the evolving needs of the mine action community.

The IMAS contain detailed technical information and operational guidance for implementing organizations and national authorities to perform tasks consistently. The standards include all facets of mine action, including establishing a national mine action program, survey and clearance, risk education, survivor assistance, and the myriad details that make up humanitarian mine action. The IMAS has expanded as the field has evolved, including standards on improvised explosive device disposal, environmental risk management, guidance for managing human remains, and others.

The IMAS is comprised of three types of documents: the Mine Action Standards, Technical Notes for Mine Action, and Test and Evaluation Protocols. The IMAS aims to promote a common and consistent approach to the conduct of mine action operations. It provides guidance, establish principles, and in some cases, define international specifications. Technical Notes are advisory documents that accompany or supplement IMAS, providing advice and information relevant to a specific IMAS or technical subject. In short, the IMAS outline what should be done and the Technical Notes describe how to do it. Test and Evaluation Protocols are technical requirements on topics such as competencies for explosive ordnance disposal and animal detection systems. To date the IMAS includes 47 Standards, 23 Technical Notes, and seven Test and Evaluation Protocols.

The IMAS is available online, and many are translated into various languages including Arabic, French, Korean, Persian, Russian, and Ukrainian.

https://www.mineactionstandards.org

Nongovernmental Organizations Headquartered in the United States

Catholic Relief Services (CRS), established in 1943, is the official overseas relief and development agency of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. Catholic Relief Services works to reduce the risk of injury or death from unexploded ordnance in Vietnam through explosive ordnance risk education programs. http://crs.org

The Golden West Humanitarian Foundation (GWHF) is a U.S.-based nonprofit organization that provides explosive ordnance disposal and physical security and stockpile management consulting, International Mine Action Standards and International Ammunition Technical Guidelines compliant training, and technology to make humanitarian mine action safer, faster, and more cost effective. http://goldenwesthf.org

The Marshall Legacy Institute (MLI) is a Virginia-based nonprofit organization founded to help restore hope, alleviate suffering, and nurture stability in war-torn countries. Marshall Legacy Institute has established indigenous programs in 15 mine-affected countries. http://marshall-legacy.org

Momentum Wheels for Humanity is a California nonprofit founded in 2007 that helps people with mobility impairments maximize their independence and quality of life by building and strengthening rehabilitation services, including assistive technologies. https://momentum4humanity.org

PeaceTrees Vietnam is a Seattle-based nongovernmental organization founded in 1995 as a grassroots effort to bring peace, friendship, and renewal to the people of Quang Tri Province, Vietnam through explosive hazard clearance, explosive ordnance risk education, survivor assistance, scholarships to landmine survivors and their families, and community restoration projects. http://peacetreesvietnam.org

The Polus Center for Social and Economic Development, established in 1979, is a Massachusetts-based nonprofit, nongovernmental organization that partners with public and private foundations to address the impact of mines and unexploded ordnance around the world. http://poluscenter.org

World Education, Inc., (WEI) a Massachusetts-based nonprofit organization, was founded in 1951 to meet the needs of the educationally disadvantaged and supports survivor assistance, explosive ordnance risk education, and disability inclusion in Laos. http://worlded.org

International and Foreign Nongovernmental Organizations

Accessibility Organization for Afghan Disabled (AOAD) is a nonprofit and nonpolitical nongovernmental organization founded in 2007 in Kabul as a peer-support, advocate organization for persons with disabilities and their immediate family. https://aoad-af.page.tl/Home.htm

Afghan Technical Consultants, was established in 1989 to reduce civilian casualties and enable land release through detection, clearance, and explosive ordnance risk education.

http://atc-wlfhdngo.org.af

APOPO, established in 1995, is a registered Belgian nongovernmental organization and U.S. nonprofit that trains sub-Saharan African pouched rats and mine detection dogs to help detect landmines. https://www.apopo.org/en

Arcangeles Foundation is a nonprofit working to improve the living conditions of vulnerable populations in Colombia to achieve social inclusion and to ensure an inclusive and sustainable world for future generations. https://arcangeles.org

The Colombian Campaign Against Landmines (CCCM) monitors fulfillment of the Ottawa Convention on behalf of the Colombian Government, compiles reports each year for the Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor, and supports survivor assistance and explosive ordnance risk education. https://colombiasinminas.org

Conflict Armament Research (CAR), established in 2011, works toward understanding the landscape of illicit weapon flows and mitigating the supply of conventional arms to unauthorized users, including insurgent and terrorist forces. https://www.conflictarm.com

DanChurchAid (DCA), an independent ecumenical humanitarian organization based in Copenhagen, Denmark, provides humanitarian assistance and mine action programs combining explosive ordnance risk education, mine clearance, and community-development. http://dca.dk

The Danish Refugee Council’s (DRC) Humanitarian Disarmament and Peacebuilding unit is a nonprofit and nongovernmental organization working to protect and provide long-lasting solutions to communities affected by war and armed conflict. https://www.drc.ngo

Delvon Assistance for Social Harmony (DASH) is a Sri Lankan humanitarian demining organization founded in 2010 to increase the safety and security of people living in mine-affected areas by clearing explosive hazards. https://www.facebook.com/p/Delvon-Assistance-For-Social-Harmony-DASH-100064502060186

The Demining Agency for Afghanistan (DAFA) was formed in 1990 to clear all hazardous and mine-contaminated areas in Afghanistan prioritizing clearance for road reconstruction, local governmen,t-sponsored construction plans, and disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration. sattar_dafa@yahoo.ca or dafafinance@yahoo.com

Fondation suisse de déminage (FSD) is a Swiss humanitarian organization founded in 1997 that locates and destroys explosive hazards, strengthens local capacities, conducts awareness-raising campaigns, and provides support to victims of accidental explosions. FSD has conducted operations in over 30 countries, including Ukraine, Iraq, and Afghanistan. https://fsd.ch/en/

Free Fields Foundation is a neutral, nonprofit, humanitarian mine action organization founded in 2012 and based in Tripoli, Libya, to conduct explosive ordnance risk education, non-technical survey, explosive ordnance disposal, and battle area clearance. https://freefields.org

The HALO Trust’s (HALO) mission is to protect lives and restore livelihoods for those affected by conflict by clearing explosive hazards to create safe and secure environments in vulnerable communities. https://www.halotrust.org

Humanity & Inclusion (HI) works with persons with disabilities and other vulnerable populations in situations resulting from conflict by clearing explosive hazards from civilian areas, providing explosive ordnance risk education programs, and rendering assistance to the injured. https://www.hi-us.org

Information Management and Mine Action Programs (iMMAP) is an international nonprofit nongovernmental organization that provides targeted data collection, analysis, and information management support to partners responding to complex humanitarian and development challenges. http://immap.org

The International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) is a coalition of nongovernmental organizations whose stated objective is a world free of anti-personnel mines and cluster munitions, where mine and cluster munitions survivors see their rights respected and can lead fulfilling lives. http://www.icbl.org/en-gb/home.aspx

ITF Enhancing Human Security is a humanitarian nonprofit organization established by the Republic of Slovenia in 1998 to focus on humanitarian demining, conventional weapons destruction, and other forms of post-conflict assistance. http://itf.si

MAG (Mines Advisory Group) is a humanitarian organization working in countries affected by conflict and insecurity to clear explosive hazards, implement conventional weapons stockpile management and destruction programs, provide explosive ordnance risk education, and offer capacity-building support. http://maginternational.org

The Mine Clearance Planning Agency (MCPA) is an Afghan nongovernmental organization founded in 1990 specializing in manual, mechanical, and mine detection dog clearance, explosive ordnance disposal, explosive ordnance risk education, training, and management information systems for mine action. hajiattqullah@gmail.com

The Mine Detection Center (MDC), established in 1989, clears contaminated land and safely destroy explosive hazards in Afghanistan. https://mdcafghan.org

The Mine Detection Dog Center (MDDC) in Bosnia and Herzegovina trains handlers, trainers, and dogs to detect landmines, explosives, narcotics, and conduct search and rescue operations. It also provides explosive ordnance risk education and mine survivor assistance. http://www.mddc.ba/

Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA) a Norwegian nongovernmental organization founded in 1939, has implemented mine action programs in more than 40 countries and territories for over 20 years. http://npaid.org

The Organization for Mine Clearance and Afghan Rehabilitation was established in 1990 to teach Afghan refugees and internally displaced Afghans about the dangers of explosive hazards and has since expanded to include mine clearance, battle area clearance, explosive ordnance disposal, and working with mine detection dogs. https://omar.org.af/

Results 4 Development is a global nonprofit founded in 2008 that supports local change agents—government officials, civil society leaders, and social innovators—to drive reforms and engage in continuous improvement. https://r4d.org

Spirit of Soccer (SOS), founded in 1996, is a UK- and U.S.-registered nonprofit that uses soccer/football skills clinics and tournaments to educate children about the dangers posed by explosive hazards in conflict and post-conflict regions. http://spiritofsoccer.org

Government and International Organizations

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) physical rehabilitation capacity was established in 1983 to improve in low- and middle-income countries by maintaining and increasing access to quality and sustainable services. https://www.icrc.org/en

NATO Support and Procurement Agency (NSPA) is NATO’s integrated logistics and services provider agency implementing the NATO Partnership for Peace Trust Fund in Ukraine, and has worked on physical security and stockpile management and conventional weapons destruction programs in numerous countries. https://www.nspa.nato.int

The Organization of American States (OAS) was established in 1948 to encourage sustainable peace, justice, solidarity, collaboration, integrity, and independence among the nations of the Americas. The OAS supports a regional approach to demining programs in the Western Hemisphere and executes conventional weapons destruction programs too. https://www.oas.org/en/topics/demining.asp

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is a regional security organization with 57 participating states in Europe, Central Asia, and North America, which provides a forum for political dialogue and decision-making in the fields of early warning, conflict prevention, crisis management, and post-conflict rehabilitation. http://osce.org

The Regional Centre on Small Arms in the Great Lakes Region, Horn of Africa, and Bordering States (RECSA) was established in June 2005 to build the capacity of its 15 African member countries and coordinate and monitor implementation of the Nairobi Protocol signed in April 2004 to mitigate small arms and light weapons proliferation in the Great Lakes region, Horn of Africa, and bordering states. http://recsasec.org

The Tajikistan National Mine Action Center (TNMAC), established in January 2014, is a state institution under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan that coordinates all mine action-related projects in that country. muhabbat.ibrohimzoda@tnmac.gov.tj

The United Nations Development Program/Southeastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (UNDP/SEESAC) works to strengthen the capacities of national and regional stakeholders to control and reduce the proliferation and misuse of small arms and light weapons, advance gender equality, and facilitate regional cooperation. https://www.seesac.org

The United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS), established in 1997 by the UN General Assembly under the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Office of Rule of Law and Security Institutions manages the Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action, which brings together working-level representatives of 12 UN organizations involved in mine action to set priorities among UN participants. UNMAS establishes and manages mine action coordination centers in countries and territories as part of peacekeeping operations. http://www.mineaction.org/unmas

United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) was established in 1973 to advance sustainable infrastructure, procurement, project management, human resources, and financial management services practices in development, humanitarian, and peacebuilding contexts in challenging environments. https://www.unops.org

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized United Nations agency responsible for international public health. WHO’s mandate includes advocating for universal healthcare, monitoring public health risks, coordinating responses to health emergencies, and promoting human health and well-being. https://www.who.int

Academic Institutions

The Center for International Stabilization and Recovery (CISR), at James Madison University, established in 1996, supports information exchange within the conventional weapons destruction community through its website and the publication of the U.S. Department of State’s annual report, To Walk the Earth in Safety, and CISR’s The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction, in addition to conducting international mine action and capacity building projects.  https://www.jmu.edu/cisr 

The Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD) formed in 1998 supports the improvement of mine action by working with national authorities, mine action organizations, and other partners to do their jobs better by furthering knowledge, promoting norms and standards, and developing capacity. http://gichd.org

Johns Hopkins University-Bloomberg School of Public Health, based in Baltimore, Maryland and founded in 1916, works with communities and populations to identify the causes of disease and disability, and implement large-scale solutions. https://www.jhsph.edu

Small Arms Survey (SAS), based at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, Switzerland, serves as the principal international source of public information on all aspects of small arms and armed violence. http://smallarmssurvey.org

Contractor

Tetra Tech is a leading provider of consulting and engineering services for projects worldwide. With 20,000 associates working together, Tetra Tech delivers clear solutions to complex problems in water, environment, infrastructure, resource management, energy, international development, and munitions response. https://www.tetratech.com/en/markets/international-development/services/stabilization/munitions-response

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From 1993 through 2022, the United States contributed more than $4.6 billion for conventional weapons destruction programs in more than 120 countries or areas. The following charts provide a consolidated view of the United States’ funding for conventional weapons destruction globally. Budget figures for fiscal year 2021 (October 1, 2020–September 30, 2021) and prior years reflect actual allocations, while budget figures for fiscal year 2022 (October 1, 2021–September 30, 2022) reflect, with a few exceptions, initial planned allocations. The 23rd edition of To Walk the Earth in Safety will include updated figures for fiscal year 2022 that reflect the final allocations.

Footnotes for funding history charts:

1. In FY19, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras began receiving funding as a region.
2. Serbia and Montenegro split into two countries in 2007.
3. The “Sudan and South Sudan” budget line reflects the total funding for Sudan until 2011, when the country split into Sudan and South Sudan. The separate funding lines for “Sudan” and "South Sudan” reflect their respective separate funding totals since 2011.
4. DOS - Other includes a variety of DOS funding sources.

DoD funds include OHDACA, the Research Development Test and Evaluation fund, the Humanitarian Assistance - Excess Property Program and the Iraq Relief and Construction fund. All U.S. Central Command demining-centric activities for FY10 were conducted with Theater Security Cooperation funding, not funding from U.S. OHDACA.

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