The 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War was the first major conflict of the twentieth century and a turning point in the balance of power in East Asia. As a case study, the war offers important lessons in the difficulties of sustained power projection and the exigencies involved in adaptable war planning. Equally importantly, Russia and Japan's intractable imperial ambitions coupled with their failures to credibly communicate resolve serve as a cautionary tale on the consequences of inept diplomacy.

Despite the fact that women make up almost half of the world's population, men still far outnumber women in government in the majority of countries worldwide. This quantitative study analyzes variation in women's political representation in four categories: domestic roles, wage parity, political systems, and gender quotas.

On May 13, 1985, under the orders of Mayor Wilson Goode, the Philadelphia Police Department dropped a bomb onto the row house containing MOVE, a cult-like organization, on Osage Avenue in West Philadelphia. By examining newspaper articles on MOVE, the bombing by the Philadelphia Police, and the public's response, this paper investigates how Mayor Goode was able to continue his political career and how this bombing has faded into obscurity outside of the city.

From the national theories of the 18th-century German Romantics, who identified cultural and ethnic factors as being the key determinants, to modern civic nationalists and postnationalists, who point to liberal civic values ​​and institutions, the importance of collective identity and how it is oriented has remained an important topic for German scholars and policymakers. This study finds that, contrary to the optimism of modern thinkers, German collective identity remains aligned with the national theories of the Romantics, resulting in ethnic discrimination and heightened fears over the loss of culture through external ideological and ethnic sources.

Based on Cohen and Felson’s 1979 routine activity theory, this study uses data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System to compare crime rates on prominent U.S. holidays against crime rates on non-holiday weekdays. The study focuses on economically motivated crimes—burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and robbery—and groups holidays for analysis based on the types of private and public spaces that members of the public generally occupy on each holiday. The results reveal a distinct pattern in crime rates on holidays: economically motivated crimes tend to occur less frequently on holidays, regardless of space, and despite an increased potential for contact between suitable targets and motivated offenders on some holidays.

A smart city is an interconnection of technological components that store, process, and wirelessly transmit information to enhance the efficiency of applications and the individuals who use those applications. Over the course of the 21st century, it is expected that an overwhelming majority of the world’s population will live in urban areas and that the number of wireless devices will increase. This paper uses a holistic problem-solving approach to evaluate the security challenges posed by the technological components that make up a smart city